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In martial arts, the terms hard and soft technique denote how forcefully a defender martial artist counters the strength of an attack in armed and unarmed combat. In the Eastward Asian martial arts, the corresponding difficult technique and soft technique terms are 硬 (Japanese: gō , pinyin: yìng ) and 柔 (Japanese: jū , pinyin: róu ), hence Goju-ryu (hard-soft school), Shorinji Kempo principles of become-ho ("hard method") and ju-ho ("soft method"), Jujutsu ("art of softness") and Judo ("gentle manner").

Regardless of origins and styles, "difficult and soft" can be seen as simply house/unyielding in opposition or complementary to pliant/yielding; each has its application and must be used in its ain manner, and each makes utilise of specific principles of timing and biomechanics.

In addition to describing a concrete technique applied with minimal force, "soft" likewise sometimes refers to elements of a discipline which are viewed as less purely physical; for example, martial arts that are said to be "internal styles" are sometimes besides known as "soft styles", for their focus on mental techniques or spiritual pursuits.

Difficult technique [edit]

A hard technique meets force with force, either with a linear, caput-on force-blocking technique, or by diagonally cutting the strike with one's force. Although hard techniques require greater strength for successful execution, information technology is the mechanics of the technique that reach the defence force. Examples are:

• A kickboxing low kick aimed to suspension the attacker's leg.
• A Karate block aimed to break or halt the aggressor's arm.

Difficult techniques can be used in offense, defence force, and counter-offense. They are afflicted by footwork and skeletal alignment. For the most part, difficult techniques are direct. The primal signal of a difficult technique is interrupting the flow of attack: in counter-crime they await to intermission the assail and in offense they are direct and committed blows or throws. Hard techniques use musculus more than soft techniques.

Soft technique [edit]

Tai sabaki step diagram, 180-degree.

The goal of the soft technique is deflecting the aggressor'due south strength to his or her disadvantage, with the defender exerting minimal force and requiring minimal force.^[one] With a soft technique, the defender uses the attacker's force and momentum confronting him or her, by leading the attack(er) in a direction to where the defender volition be advantageously positioned (tai sabaki) and the aggressor off remainder; a seamless movement so effects the appropriate soft technique. In some styles of martial art similar Fly Chun, a series of progressively difficult, two-student preparation drills, such as pushing hands or sticky easily, teach to exercise the soft-technique(southward); hence:

(1) The defender leads the attack past redirecting the assaulter's forces against him or her, or away from the defender — instead of meeting the attack with a block. The mechanics of soft technique defenses commonly are circular: Yielding is meeting the force with no resistance, like a projectile glancing off a surface without damaging it. Another example could be: an Aikido check/block to an assaulter's arm, which re-directs the incoming energy of the blow.

A tomoenage front sacrifice throw used confronting a front-pushing attacker.

(ii) The soft technique commonly is practical when the attacker is off-residual, thus the defender achieves the "maximum efficiency" platonic posited past Kano Jigoro (1860–1938), the founder of judo. The Taijiquan (T'ai chi ch'uan) histories study "a force of four taels being able to move a thousand catties", referring to the principle of Taiji — a moving mass tin seem weightless. Soft techniques — throws, armlocks, etc. — might resemble difficult martial art techniques, all the same are distinct because their awarding requires minimal force. (see kuzushi)

• In Fencing, with a parry, the defender guides or checks the attacker's sword away from himself, rather than endure the forcefulness of a directly block; it likely is followed by riposte and counter-riposte.
• In Classical Fencing, other techniques appear in all forms of swordplay which fall into the soft category, the most obvious being the disengage where the fencer or swordsman uses the pressure of his opponent to undo and modify lines on his opponent giving him an reward in the bind.
• In Bare-knuckle boxing or Pugilism, with a parry, the defender guides or checks the attacker's blow away from himself, attempting to cause the attacker to over commit to his blow and let an piece of cake riposte and counter-riposte.
• In Judo and Jujutsu when the attacker (uke) pushes towards the defender (tori), the tori drops under the uke, whilst lifting the uke over himself, effecting the Tomoe Nage throw with one of his legs. The technique is categorized as a "front sacrifice technique" in judo and jujutsu styles. The push from the uke tin can be direct, or it can be a response to a push from the tori.^{[ citation needed ]}
• With martial arts styles such every bit T'ien Ti Tao Ch'uan-shu P'ai the soft manner is also in keeping with the Taoist philosophy, the idea that the technique tin likewise be applied in mental terms as well as concrete.

Soft techniques can be used in criminal offense but are more probable to appear in defense and counter offense. Much like hard techniques they are effected by foot piece of work and skeletal alignment. Where a hard technique in defense often aims to interrupt the menstruum of set on; a soft technique aims to misdirect it, move effectually it or draw it into over commitment, in counter offense a soft technique may announced every bit a slip or a vault or only using the momentum of a technique against the user. Soft techniques in offense would usually only include feints and pulling motions but the definition and categorization may change from ane art form to another.

Soft techniques are also characterized every bit being circular in nature and considered internal (using Qi (Chinese) or ki (Japanese and Korean)) past martial arts such every bit t'ai chi ch'uan, hapkido and aikido.

Principle of Jū [edit]

The principle of Ju ( 柔 , Jū, Yawara ) underlies all classical Bujutsu methods and was adopted by the developers of the Budō disciplines. Acting according to the principle of Jū, the classical warrior could intercept and momentarily control his enemy's blade when attacked, so, in a flash, could counter-attack with a force powerful plenty to carve armor and kill the foe. The same principle of Jū permitted an unarmed exponent to unbalance and hurl his foe to the ground. Terms like "Jūjutsu" and "Yawara" made the principle of Jū the all-pervading one in methods cataloged under these terms. That principle was rooted in the concept of pliancy or flexibility, as understood in both a mental and a concrete context. To apply the principle of Jū, the exponent had to be both mentally and physically capable of adapting himself to whatever situation his adversary might impose on him.

At that place are two aspects of the principle of Jū that are in constant operation, both interchangeable and inseparable. One aspect is that of "yielding", and is manifest in the exponent's actions that have the enemy's forcefulness of set on, rather than oppose him by coming together his forcefulness directly with an equal or greater force, when information technology is advantageous to practice then. It is economic in terms of energy to take the foe's forcefulness by intercepting and warding it off without straight opposing it; but the tactic by which the force of the foe is prodigal may be as forcefully fabricated as was the foe's original action.

The principle of Jū is incomplete at this point because yielding is essentially only a neutralization of the enemy's force. While giving way to the enemy's force of attack at that place must instantly be applied an action that takes advantage of the enemy, now occupied with his assail, in the grade of a counterattack. This second aspect of the principle of Jū makes allowance for situations in which yielding is incommunicable considering it would lead to disaster. In such cases "resistance" is justified. But such opposition to the enemy's deportment is only momentary and is apace followed past an action based on the first aspect of Jū, that of yielding.

Distinction from "external and internal" [edit]

There is disagreement amongst different schools of Chinese martial arts virtually how the ii concepts of "Hard/Soft" and "External/Internal" apply to their styles.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Amongst styles that this terminology is practical to, traditional Taijiquan equates the terms while maintaining several finer shades of distinction.^[ii]

Difficult styles typically use a penetrating, linear "external force" whereas soft styles ordinarily use a circular, flowing "internal force" where the energy of the technique goes completely through the opponent for difficult/external strikes while the energy of the technique is by and large captivated by the opponent for soft/internal strikes.^[3]

See as well [edit]

• Aiki (martial arts principle)

References [edit]

1. ^ Fu, Zhongwen (2006) [1996]. Mastering Yang Style Taijiquan. Louis Swaine. Berkeley, California: Blue Snake Books. ISBN1-58394-152-5.
2. ^ c.f. The martial arts FAQ, congenital up over years of discussion on rec.martial.arts. In part one, there is an entry for hard vs soft and internal vs external.
3. ^ TanDaoKungFu, TanDao Fight Lab #ii Difficult & Soft Palm Strikes, Tandao.com, archived from the original on 2021-12-19, retrieved 2019-01-19 Youtube, July 16, 2010 Lawrence Tan

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques

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